ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ

ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ

ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (1)

ⵉⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵅ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵡⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵖ ⵏⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ, ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵚⵏⵀⴰⵊⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵏⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵏⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⵎⵓⴹⴰ. ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴹⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⵎⵓⴹⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴹⵏ, ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵡⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵚⵎⵓⴹ ⵓ ⵢⵓⵏⵙ ⵓ ⴱⴰⵕⴱⴰⵕ.

ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (2)

ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ

ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Nobel Prize); ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1895. ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ, [[ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ], ⴰⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1901.

ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (3)

ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⵉⵙⵟⵉⵏⵉⵜ، ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⵍ. ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ 35 ⴽⵎ. ⵙⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴽⵄⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵏⵥⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ، ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵉⴹ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ، ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2014 ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 200 ⵉⴼⴹ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ، ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 42 2 (ⴽⵎ). ⵜⵛⵏⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ، ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴽ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ. ⴷ ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⵍ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ، ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ : ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ، ⴷ ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ، ⴷ ⵢⴰⵄⵇⵓⴱ، ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (4)

ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ 6% ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ 20% ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ). ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 30 415 873 ⴽⵎ² ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⵎⴽ ⵏⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ). ⵙ 1,225,080,510 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 16,4% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016. ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵢ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (5)

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵅⴰⵢⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1941 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 17 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1995 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵅⴰⵢⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵥⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵥⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ، ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⵏⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵢⵏⴽⵔ ⵖⵉⵏ ⵅⴰⵢⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵎⵖⴰⵔ، ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵢⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵃⵎⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵢⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵢⵔⵡⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 1965 ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴱⴻⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1968 ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵢⵓⵏ