ⵎⴰⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣⵉⴳⵉ
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣⵉⴳⵉ (1740-1790) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣⵉⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴳⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵛⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ "ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵀⴰⵍ" (Asmehal) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ.
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵎⵚⴰⵄⴷⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵉⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ.
ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ. ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵉⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵉⵖⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1740 ⴷ 1790. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵀⵍ" ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰⵏ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ- ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)