ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ
	ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓ ⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓ ⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ
ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ
ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	1889; ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	1988
ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ	ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ	ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ	ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ
	ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: محمد بن يحيى أوتزناخت, ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Mohamed Ben Yahya Outznakht) ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵡⵣⴳⵉⵜ^[2] ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵟⵟⴰⵎ^[1] ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ^[2] ⵉⵍⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰⴷⵉ 1889 , ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988 . ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ (ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ) ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⵓ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ.^[2]

ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ

ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ . ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ.^[2]

ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⵓ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵙⵉ, ⵉⵖⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⴰⵡⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴹ ⵉⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⵜ, ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵇⵇⵛⵛⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵛⵛ, ⵉⵛⵛ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ^[2].

ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ

ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵡⵣⴳⵉⵜ, ⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ .^[2]

ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: ⴱⵓⵢⴳⴹⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵣⴼⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ^[2] ⵏⵖ ⵊⴰⵅⵅⴰ^[4].

ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵙⴽⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 https://www.tazerrart.com/2022/03/otznakht.html
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 https://journalaswat.com/2020/12/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA/
↑ https://journalaswat.com/2021/05/25/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A4%D8%AA/
↑ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 https://www.tazerrart.com/2022/03/otznakht.html

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 https://journalaswat.com/2020/12/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA/

[3] ttps://journalaswat.com/2021/05/25/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A4%D8%AA/

[4] ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ

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