ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ[1] [2] [3] (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: محمد بن يحيى أوتزناخت, ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Mohamed Ben Yahya Outznakht) ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵡⵣⴳⵉⵜ[2] ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵟⵟⴰⵎ[1] ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ[2] ⵉⵍⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰⴷⵉ 1889 , ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988 . ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ (ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ) ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⵓ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ.[2]
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ | |
---|---|
ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 1889 ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ |
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 1988 |
ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ |
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ |
ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ . ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ.[2]
ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⵓ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵙⵉ, ⵉⵖⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⴰⵡⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴹ ⵉⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⵜ, ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵇⵇⵛⵛⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵛⵛ, ⵉⵛⵛ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ[2].
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵡⵣⴳⵉⵜ, ⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ .[2]
ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: ⴱⵓⵢⴳⴹⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵣⴼⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ[2] ⵏⵖ ⵊⴰⵅⵅⴰ[4].
ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵙⴽⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ- ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://www.tazerrart.com/2022/03/otznakht.html
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 https://journalaswat.com/2020/12/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA/
- ↑ https://journalaswat.com/2021/05/25/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A4%D8%AA/
- ↑ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ