ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ (ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ: ⵄⴷⵉⵎⵙ, [ʕdimes] ⵏⵖ ⵖⴷⴰⵎⵙ, [ɣdames]; ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: غدامس, [ɣadaːmes]) ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵖⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⴹⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ.

ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ

ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴹⵓⵍⴼ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵜⵉⵍⵏⵙⴽⵉ ⴳ 1903 ⴷ 1904. ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼ ⵖ ⴳ 1968 ⴷ 1973, ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 1944 ⴰⵔ 1945. ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵖ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ (2013) ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ.

ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ

ⵉⴹⴽⴹ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 4,000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵏⵍ ⵉⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ^[1]ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ. ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴻⵜⵀⵏoⵍoⴳⵓⴻ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ 10,000 ⴳ 2006 ⴷ 2,000 ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ 10,000 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ 2,000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵉⵍ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ^[2]. ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ "6b" (Threatened).

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ

ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵣⵣⵖ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⵡ (classification) ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ. Aikhenvald ⴷ Militarev (1984) ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ (1999) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ

ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ

ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⴰⵢⵉⵏ (pharyngealized) ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ (pⵍⴰⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵛoⵏⵙoⵏⴰⵏⵜⵙ). ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ (contrastive). ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ (sporadically).

ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ (IPA)
	Labial	Labio-dental	Dental	Dental phar.	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m		n̪
Stop	(p) b		t̪ d̪	t̪ˤ dˤ	ɟ	k ɡ	q
Fricative	β	f	s̪ z̪	s̪ˤ z̪ˤ	ʃ ʒ	x ɣ		ħ ʕ	h
Affricate					(tʃ)
Approximant	w		l̪	l̪ˤ	j
Trill			r̪	r̪ˤ

ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵖⵜ.

ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ (IPA)
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Mid		ə
Near-open		ɐ
Open		a

ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ Lipzig-Jakarta ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ (1973).

	Tinglizt	Taɣdimst
1	fire	ōfa
2	nose	tənzart
3	to go	as with verbal deictic n "thither" (cf. 11 to come)
4	water	aman (plurale tantum)
5	mouth	ame
6	tongue	ēləs
7	blood	dămmăn (plurale tantum)
8	bone	ɣăṣṣ
9	2sg pronoun	šăgg(ən) (m.), šămm(ən) (f.)
10	root	aẓur "root of plant"
11	to come	as with verbal deictic d "hither" (cf. 3 to go)
12	breast	bab, admār
13	rain	anaẓar
14	1sg pronoun	năšš(ən)
15	name	ism
16	louse	talləkt
17	wing	afraw
18	flesh/meat	aksəm
19	hand/arm	ōfəss "hand", āɣil "arm"
20	fly	izi
21	night	ēβăḍ
22	ear	ēsəm
23	neck	takorəmt (cf. 47 back)
24	far	(not attested)
25	to do/make	əqḍu "to do, achieve" < Arabic, ăj "to put, to make"
26	house	daž, taddart
27	stone/rock	ērəj
28	bitter	iẓēk "to be bitter"
29	to say	ăn
30	tooth	asēn "incisor", taɣməst "molar", tawjlet "canine"
31	hair	azaw
32	big	(not attested)
33	one	yōn (m.), yōt (f.)
34	who?	anno
35	3sg pronoun	(n)itto (m.), (n)ittāt (f.)
36	to beat/hit	ŏwət
37	leg/foot	aḍar
38	horn	aškaw
39	this	-o
40	fish	(not attested)
41	yesterday	ənḍəβăd
42	to drink	ăsw
43	black	săṭṭăf "to be black" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested)
44	navel	tamet
45	to stand	ăβdəd "to be standing", ăkkər "to stand up"
46	to bite	ămbər
47	back	akorm, təkurmēn (cf. 23 neck)
48	wind	aḍo "wind, odour"
49	smoke	ōβo
50	what?	ke, me
51	child (kin term)	ara, tarwa
52	egg	tasadəlt
53	to give	ăkf
54	new	(not attested)
55	to burn (intr.)	ărɣ
56	not	wăl, ak
57	good	samēḥ < Arabic
58	to know	ăssən
59	knee	ōfəd
60	sand	tamallilt
61	to laugh	ăḍs
62	to hear	ăsl
63	soil	tammurt "earth, soil"
64	leaf	təfra "leaf of tree"
65	red	azŭggaɣ "red one" (prob. /azəggʷaɣ/)
66	liver	tōsa
67	to hide	əkənn
68	skin/hide	ēlăm "animal skin"
69	to suck	ăzməm
70	to carry	ăbb "to carry, bring", ăškəl "to carry, lift"
71	ant	takəṭfet
72	heavy	ăẓẓāk "to be heavy" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested)
73	to take	āβăʕ "to take", ōməẓ "to seize, hold"
74	old	imqōr, iwsər "to be old, elderly (human)"
75	to eat	ăšš
76	thigh	taɣma
77	thick	izwər "to be thick"
78	long	əzzəjrət "to be long"
79	to blow	sβəḍ
80	wood	asɣēr "(piece of) wood"
81	to run	ăzzəl
82	to fall	ōḍu
83	eye	awăll
84	ash	ēšəd
85	tail	tabaḥṣuṣṣ < Arabic?
86	dog	ēde
87	to cry/weep	ăẓẓəf
88	to tie	ăqqēn
89	to see	ălləm
90	sweet	(not attested)
91	rope	tazara
92	shade/shadow	tēle
93	bird	ajaḍiḍ
94	salt	tēsənt
95	small	imtēt "to be small"
96	wide	(not attested)
97	star	iri
98	in	dəj, -i
99	hard	(not attested)
100	to grind/crush	ăẓəd "to grind", ăddəβ "to crush (in a mortar)"

ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴱⵍⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵜ

Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1903). "Note sur la mission dans le Souf pour y étudier le dialecte berbère de R'adamès". Journal Asiatique. 1903, II: 157–162.
Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1904). Le dialecte berbere de R’edamès. Paris: Leroux.
Kossmann, M. (2013). A Grammatical Sketch of Ghadames Berber (Libya). Köln: Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-940-4.
Lanfry, J. (1968). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. I, Textes, notes philologiques et ethnographiques. Fort-National: Fichier de documentation berbère. (Archived link)
Lanfry, J. (1973). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. II, Glossaire (parler des Ayt Waziten). [Fort-National]: Le fichier périodique.

ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ

↑ Lanfry (1973:iv).
↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, article Ghadāmis (1952): 2,000 persons with a background in Ghadames living in Tunis; quoted by Lanfry (1973:iv).

[1] Lanfry (1973:iv).

[2] Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, article Ghadāmis (1952): 2,000 persons with a background in Ghadames living in Tunis; quoted by Lanfry (1973:iv).

[1]

[2]